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In many cases when urban governments try to reduce or control rural-urban migration, this also affects low-income residents and not just migrants. This raises the question as to whether policies that specifically target migrants in urban centres are either desirable or practical. There is often confusion between urbanisation the share of the national population living in urban areas and urban population growth the absolute number of people living in urban areas , which can lead to inappropriate policies.
Internal rural-urban migration is a major driver of urbanisation. On average, however, rural-urban migration accounts for less than half of urban population growth, as natural increase the number of births exceeding deaths can also be high, especially in countries with high fertility rates. Rapid population growth is a huge challenge for many cities in the global South which have severe housing, infrastructure and service deficiencies, as well severe overcrowding.
But a growing urban population also has advantages. It is hard to find sustained economic growth without urbanisation, mainly because agglomeration helps to increase productivity.
Providing infrastructure and services eg water, sanitation, education and health in densely populated urban centres is also generally cheaper than in isolated rural settlements. Given these advantages, restricting migration is not the answer. In fact, the problem is not so much rapid urban population growth, but rather the lack of proactive planning and political will to accommodate it.
Migrants are often blamed for increasing urban poverty, but not all migrants are poor. Migrants moving to urban areas looking for formal employment and education are often the wealthier rural residents. In many cities, however, migrants make up a disproportionate share of the urban poor and face similar disadvantages, including difficulties in finding adequate housing and in accessing services. Like the majority of the urban poor, low-income migrants work long hours in low-paid, insecure and unsafe jobs and are exposed to a wide range of environmental hazards because most low-income and informal settlements lack basic infrastructure and are located in dangerous areas where land is cheaper.
But there is also a severe lack of data on migrants in urban areas. This leads to less labor participation in the primary sector, which can cause a reduction in agricultural production and threaten food security in some territories. Thus, for example, the countryside may lack a young and dynamic workforce, also registering an ageing population, which can compromise a sufficient and varied food production.
In rural areas of Mexico , for example, the migration of young people, and the consequent decrease in the fertility rate, has caused a variation among the population groups: while in there were 21 adults over 60 years for every children, predictions indicate that by there will be older adults for every children. Likewise, the increase in urban poverty responds to the abundant migratory flows to cities: migrants may not find work in urban areas although the search for employment opportunities was the reason for mobilizing ,and this generates a vicious circle of scarcity and needs.
The high percentages of informal work in the region also indicate a lack of social protection, which aggravates the situations of poverty and precariousness of internal migrants. These settlements are usually located in areas that are vulnerable to natural disasters , such as floods, landslides and earthquakes. This shows how rural migration, also fostered by the effects of climate change, needs special attention to avoid a reproduction of existing vulnerabilities.
Furthermore, while conflicts over natural resources can provoke rural migration, migrants find new forms of violence in cities. In the Northern Triangle of Central America, violence is a mainly urban phenomenon , aggravated by causes such as poverty, segregation, inequality and lack of opportunities. Farmers in poverty conditions and unemployed people can be new victims of criminal groups in cities.
This situation can cause new migratory flows of people who migrated to the cities and, as they do not find an adequate situation, they decide to migrate abroad. Hence, rural-urban migration has crucial implications not only for rural, but also urban development and sustainability.
For example, current challenges such as urban overpopulation or the loss of traditional crops and agrobiodiversity depend directly on rural migratory flows. To resolve these issues, it is necessary to draw attention to their roots: the countryside and migration.
The FAO report also highlights the positive aspects of rural migration, which can reduce pressure on local labor markets and natural resources or improve wages in the agricultural sector. Remittances from international migrants can also facilitate investments in productive economic activities, generate employment, and increase private consumption. Along the same lines, rural migration historically with a greater male presence , the decline in the fertility rate and a growing number of households headed by women have produced a feminization of agriculture , especially in Mexico and largely in Central America.
This phenomenon has encouraged the economic and social empowerment of rural women and in some cases the reduction of gender stereotypes that limited their functions. For example, women have started to take over agricultural tasks previously only performed by men , such as preparing the field and growing food for trade.
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