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When a colony is disturbed, hundreds, even thousands of ants are dispatched, more or less instantaneously, to attack the intruder. Red imported fire ants were, almost certainly, introduced into the United States in cargo unloaded at the port of Mobile. This soon changed. Since no one knew much about the species, the teen-age enthusiast counted as an expert. Wilson found that the ants had already pushed west into Mississippi and east into Florida.
By , the red imported fire ant had spread as far north as Tennessee and as far west as Texas, and the so-called Fire Ant Wars had begun. In an early skirmish, the state of Mississippi provided farmers with chlordane, an indiscriminate, organochlorine pesticide long since banned. It made little difference. Next, the U. Department of Agriculture embarked on a campaign to spray heptachlor and dieldrin—two similar insecticides that are also now banned—over millions of acres of farmland.
The campaign killed countless wild birds, along with vast numbers of fish, cows, cats, and dogs. The ants kept marching on. Tschinkel, an entomologist at Florida State University, has observed.
Undaunted, the U. In the late nineteen-sixties, more than fourteen million acres were sprayed with Mirex, which is a potent endocrine disrupter.
The effort appears to have had the perverse effect of helping Solenopsis invicta spread, by exterminating any native ants that might have stood in its way.
As the U. He received a Ph. The job was supposed to be temporary, but by the time he was twenty-nine he had been granted tenure. Wilson thought of himself as a naturalist in the venerable tradition of Joseph Banks, the English botanist who sailed with Captain Cook in Wilson loved to explore places no entomologist had surveyed before, and once spent ten months collecting ants from New Caledonia to Sri Lanka.
But he was fated to follow a different path. Wilson became a professional biologist just as it was becoming clear that the biosphere was unravelling. Wilson is now ninety-two and lives in a retirement community in Lexington, Massachusetts. Though he was only twenty-eight when he arrived, he treated the two dozen other members of the department with an offhand contempt. Specimen collecting, he suggested, was for hobbyists.
Henceforth, real scientists would study life by examining its molecular structure. Wilson continued to collect ants. He spent a sabbatical conducting field work on Trinidad and Tobago and in Suriname.
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