When the identical alleles of the gene are present, it is called homozygous. When the gene carries two different alleles, it is called heterozygous. Blood group is the classification of blood, based on inherited differences polymorphisms or variations in antigens found on the surfaces of red blood cells.
Red blood cells have certain proteins called antigens on the surface. The plasma contains antibodies that will attack certain antigens if they are present. Both ABO and rhesus are antigens present on the red blood cell surface.
Therefore, an individual can either have blood group A, B, AB or O based on the above antigens present on the red blood cell surface. The ABO blood type was the first blood type to be discovered. Most people are rhesus positive if they have rhesus antigens on their red blood cell surface.
However, 3 in 20 people do not have rhesus antigen on their red blood cell surface and are said to be rhesus negative. In contrast, blood group refers to the entire blood group system comprising red blood cell RBC antigens whose specificity is controlled by a series of genes that can be allelic or linked very closely on the same chromosome. Genotype is the genetic makeup of the cell. The genotype is unique to a person and it can be revealed by personal genome sequencing.
The red blood cells are involved in the determination of the genotype of humans. The red blood cells of humans consist of hemoglobin, which is an iron-containing, oxygen-transport protein. A hemoglobin molecule is composed of two pairs of globin proteins and a heme part. The two pairs of globin proteins is composed of two alpha and two beta globin chains. Any amino acid substitutions that occur in these chains bring different types of hemoglobin.
These amino acid substitutions in the globin proteins are classified under thalassemia. The hemoglobin A, S, and C are the three types of hemoglobin and hemoglobin C is rare. Each type of hemoglobin varies by the amino acid present in the sixth position in the globin chain. The type of hemoglobin and the amino acid found in the sixth position of the globin chain is shown in table 1.
Any individual may have two types of hemoglobin, each type is inherited from each parent. The regular, healthy genotype is AA. Someone with blood type AB must have both the A and B alleles. The genotype must be AB. Someone with blood type O has neither the A nor the B allele. The genotype must be OO. Each biological parent donates one of their two ABO alleles to their child. A mother who is blood type O can only pass an O allele to her son or daughter. A father who is blood type AB could pass either an A or a B allele to his son or daughter.
This couple could have children of either blood type A O from mother and A from father or blood type B O from mother and B from father.
Since there are 4 different maternal blood types and 4 different paternal blood types possible, there are 16 differnt combinations to consider when predicting the blood type of children. In the tables below, all 16 possible combinations are shown. Welcome Forum. About Us We value open communication, transparency and doing what is in the best interest for the patient and our medical colleagues, which means offering the best services and support that we know how.
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Learn more about how we use cookies. Manage your cookies. Essential site cookies. What is a Genotype? Tests Offered by Bridge Clinic 1. Why is this test done? Diagnose a blood disorder if symptoms suggest it Routine checkup as part of a blood test during a physical Screen for genetic conditions, e.
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