The lack of a gun is not likely to be a major problem for close-in air-to-air dogfights against other jets. But those weapons are of limited utility, especially during close-in fights. Such throats are trying, are they not? In case one catches cold; Ah, yes! The commander-in-chief still kept him attached to the headquarter staff, and constantly employed him on special service. So far Murat had always held subordinate commands; his great ambition was to become the commander-in-chief of an independent army.
Ever since the earliest civilisations in the literal sense of societies where cities were present , controlling the interface between country and city has been a principal root of power. One provides resources in the form of food and other raw materials, the other offers the advantages of anthropocentric innovation. Jane Jacobs pinpointed this in The Economy of Cities, where she argued that agriculture followed from cities, counterintuitively and against received wisdom that agricultural surpluses made urban settlements possible.
Cities became then collection and cross-fertilisation points for grains and animals, leading to selective breeding with improved yields and taste of both arable crops and domestic livestock.
Norwich Cathedral, founded in to replace the older and more rural see at Elmham, was one of eight English medieval cathedrals to have a Benedictine abbey attached to it. In post-Roman England, the task of forging a relationship between country and town fell to the Saxons, and in particular the kingdom of Wessex as it rose to pre-eminence in the face of Viking invasions during the ninth century.
The Danes were opportunistic raiders, raping and pillaging their way rapidly through small, scattered and undefended settlements. Making them responsible for the administration of their immediate hinterlands, and those hinterlands responsible for providing manpower for defence, ensured rus and urbs were dependent on each other even though at this stage they were physically distinct.
How that changed introduces another thread to the story. Western Christianity was facing a crisis: early Christians expected the imminent return of Christ. The failure of their hopes meant that Christianity would have to forge a place for itself in the secular world. They had to cosy up to lay authorities, initially the Roman Empire and then its Eastern and Western successors. That included regularising canon law, which spawned institutions to teach it that gradually became universities, and ultimately the parallel concept of civil law, which became the wellspring of secular constitutions.
Tied up with that was a revival of interest in monasticism as a way of protecting Christian virtue, purity and belief within a tightly defined lifestyle that subordinated physical needs to religious practice without ignoring them completely.
The guiding spirit was the Rule of St Benedict, which underpins all Western monasticism and specifically includes farming and other rural activities in its regulations though most Benedictine monasteries are not in towns.
The great French Gothic cathedrals, as can be seen at Chartres, were hemmed in by urban buildings. England is the exception. Alfred was reputedly interested in these monastic reforms, but baptising Danes and founding burhs gave much to occupy him. Dunstan, principal author of the English coronation ceremony, introduced the Rule of Benedict to Glastonbury Abbey. Later as Bishop of Worcester and Archbishop of Canterbury, he introduced Benedictine monasticism to urban settlements.
By contrast, in continental cities, secular buildings and activities were directly adjacent to their cathedrals, for example Amiens or Chartres. Ancient fortified burh of Old Sarum, later superseded by Salisbury.
The Norman Conquest reinforced this situation. He welcomed the combination of cathedrals and abbeys and used bishop-abbots as administrators. In , shortly after his death, the bishopric of East Anglia with its associated monastery moved from the rural setting of Elmham to the growing city of Norwich, which became a principal settlement of medieval England.
Freeman, David Meakin, Rus in urbe goes right back to the first century AD, showing that the desire to pretend you're in the country while enjoying the benefits of the city is nothing new. The phrase can apply to a building, an atmosphere, etc.
Bloomsbury Publishing, Fluid meditations and metaphors of liquidity aestheticize the quiet desolation of the rus in urbe , the intermingling of the city and the country which Sinclair prizes so much. By virtue of its imaginative import, this admixture is propounded as Laura Colombino, Throw in a little boating, add a few ice creams and a snooze in a deckchair, and this could be the perfect rus in urbe short break. Daily Telegraph Pretentiousness Index.
Philip Gooden, I begin with and elaborate on Pinto's excellent introduction of the Rus in urbe , an important pastoral theme. I also consider other aspects of the Trevi that we can associate with Arcadian topoi.
Rus in urbe - bringing the country to the city - is a Vernon Hyde Minor, Jean Paul Hulin, Pierre Coustillas, London has so much rus in urbe that one group has campaigned to designate the city as the Greater London National Park, which would make it the first urban So many prefabricated s apartment buildings have been razed in this Rus in urbe : Venice really is the perfect city.
Getting there.
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